159 research outputs found
Frames: A Corpus for Adding Memory to Goal-Oriented Dialogue Systems
This paper presents the Frames dataset (Frames is available at
http://datasets.maluuba.com/Frames), a corpus of 1369 human-human dialogues
with an average of 15 turns per dialogue. We developed this dataset to study
the role of memory in goal-oriented dialogue systems. Based on Frames, we
introduce a task called frame tracking, which extends state tracking to a
setting where several states are tracked simultaneously. We propose a baseline
model for this task. We show that Frames can also be used to study memory in
dialogue management and information presentation through natural language
generation
Towards a Conceptualization of Sociomaterial Entanglement
In knowledge representation, socio-technical systems can be modeled
as multiagent systems in which the local knowledge of each individual agent can
be seen as a context. In this paper we propose formal ontologies as a means to
describe the assumptions driving the construction of contexts as local theories and
to enable interoperability among them. In particular, we present two alternative
conceptualizations of the notion of sociomateriality (and entanglement), which
is central in the recent debates on socio-technical systems in the social sciences,
namely critical and agential realism.
We thus start by providing a model of entanglement according to the critical realist
view, representing it as a property of objects that are essentially dependent on
different modules of an already given ontology. We refine then our treatment by
proposing a taxonomy of sociomaterial entanglements that distinguishes between
ontological and epistemological entanglement. In the final section, we discuss the
second perspective, which is more challenging form the point of view of knowledge
representation, and we show that the very distinction of information into
modules can be at least in principle built out of the assumption of an entangled
reality
Selecting Better Samples from Pre-trained LLMs: A Case Study on Question Generation
Large Language Models (LLMs) have in recent years demonstrated impressive
prowess in natural language generation. A common practice to improve generation
diversity is to sample multiple outputs from the model. However, there lacks a
simple and robust way of selecting the best output from these stochastic
samples. As a case study framed in the context of question generation, we
propose two prompt-based approaches to selecting high-quality questions from a
set of LLM-generated candidates. Our method works under the constraints of 1) a
black-box (non-modifiable) question generation model and 2) lack of access to
human-annotated references -- both of which are realistic limitations for
real-world deployment of LLMs. With automatic as well as human evaluations, we
empirically demonstrate that our approach can effectively select questions of
higher qualities than greedy generation
Mortality after Hospitalization for Pneumonia among Individuals with HIV, 1995â2008: A Danish Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: HIV-infected persons are at increased risk of pneumonia, even with highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). We examined the impact of pneumonia on mortality and identified prognostic factors for death among HIV-infected. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In a nationwide, population-based cohort of individuals with HIV, we included persons hospitalized with pneumonia from the Danish National Hospital Registry and obtained mortality data from the Danish Civil Registration System. Comparing individuals with and without pneumonia, we used Poisson regression to estimate relative mortality and logistic regression to examine prognostic factors for death following pneumonia. From January 1, 1995, to July 1, 2008, we observed 699 episodes of first hospitalization for pneumonia among 4,352 HIV patients. Ninety-day mortality after pneumonia decreased from 22.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.5%-28.9%) in 1995-1996 to 8.4% (95% CI: 6.1%-11.6%) in 2000-2008. Mortality remained elevated for more than a year after hospitalization for pneumonia: adjusted mortality rate ratio 5.38 (95% CI: 4.27-6.78), 1.80 (95% CI: 1.36-2.37), and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.32-2.00) for days 0-90, 91-365, and 366+, respectively. The following variables predicted mortality within 90 days following hospitalization for pneumonia (adjusted Odds Ratios): male sex (3.77, 95% CI: 1.37-10.4), Charlson Comorbidity Index score > or = 2 (3.86, 95% CI: 2.19-6.78); no current HAART (3.58, 95% CI: 1.83-6.99); history of AIDS (2.46, 95% CI: 1.40-4.32); age per 10 year increase (1.43, 95% CI: 1.11-1.85); and CD4+ cell count < or = 200 (2.52, 95% CI: 1.37-4.65). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The first hospitalization for pneumonia among HIV-infected individuals was associated with elevated risk of death up to more than a year later. Use of HAART decreased the risk, independent of current CD4+ cell count. Prognosis following pneumonia improved over calendar time
HTSC Cuprate Phase Diagram Using a Modified Boson-Fermion-Gossamer Model Describing Competing Orders, a Quantum Critical Point and Possible Resonance Complex
There has been considerable effort expended towards understanding high
temperature superconductors (HTSC), and more specifically the cuprate phase
diagram as a function of doping level. Yet, the only agreement seems to be that
HTSC is an example of a strongly correlated material where Coulomb repulsion
plays a major role. This manuscript proposes a model based on a Feshbach
resonance pairing mechanism and competing orders. An initial BCS-type
superconductivity at high doping is suppressed in the two particle channel by a
localized preformed pair (PP) [1] (circular density wave) creating a quantum
critical point (QCP). As doping continues to diminish, the PP then participates
in a Feshbach resonance complex that creates a new electron (hole) pair that
delocalizes and constitutes HTSC and the characteristic dome [2]. The resonant
nature of the new pair contributes to its short coherence length. The model we
propose also suggests an explanation (and necessity) for an experimentally
observed correlated lattice that could restrict energy dissipation to enable
the resonant Cooper pair to move over several correlation lengths, or
essentially free. The PP density wave is responsible for the pseudogap as it
appears as a localized superconductor since its density of states and
quasiparticle spectrum are similar to those of a superconductor
(Peierls-Frolich theory), but with no phase coherence between the PP.Comment: presented at Sanibel Symposium 2009; submitted to Intern. J. Quant.
Che
Isotope effect and bond-stretching phonon anomaly in high-Tc cuprates
We analyse a model where the anomalies of the bond-stretching LO phonon mode
are caused by the coupling to electron dynamic response in the form of a damped
oscillator and explore the possibility to reconstruct the spectrum of the
latter from the phonon measurements. Preliminary estimates point to its
location in the mid infrared region and we show how the required additional
information can be extracted from the oxygen isotope effect on the phonon
spectrum. The model predicts a significant measurable deviation from the
"standard value" of the isotope effect even if the phonon frequency is far
below the electron spectrum, provided the latter is strongly incoherent. In
this regime, which corresponds to the "mid infrared scenario", the phonon
linewidth becomes a sensitive and informative probe of the isotope effect.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, added reference
A Gaseous Argon-Based Near Detector to Enhance the Physics Capabilities of DUNE
This document presents the concept and physics case for a magnetized gaseous argon-based detector system (ND-GAr) for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector. This detector system is required in order for DUNE to reach its full physics potential in the measurement of CP violation and in delivering precision measurements of oscillation parameters. In addition to its critical role in the long-baseline oscillation program, ND-GAr will extend the overall physics program of DUNE. The LBNF high-intensity proton beam will provide a large flux of neutrinos that is sampled by ND-GAr, enabling DUNE to discover new particles and search for new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model
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